Local Curriculums for Sustainable Development

 Local Curriculums for Sustainable Development

By Janpha Thadphoothon

In this blog, I would like to share my thoughts and ideas on curriculums and development. My thesis is this: actively involving local communities in curriculum planning and implementation can help strengthen the community, build a more resilient society, and promote sustainable development.

One may ask what such development is. Sustainable development is a concept that resonates globally, yet its most profound impact is often felt at the local level. In my opinion, the road to sustainable development begins with the strengthening of local communities and the enhancement of human resource quality. One way to achieve this is through the development and implementation of local curriculums in schools.  

OpenAI. (2024). An oil painting depicting a harmonious blend of education, nature, and local culture. [AI-generated image]. /mnt/data/An_oil_painting_depicting_a_harmonious_blend_of_ed.png.

The Role of Local Curriculums in Education  

Local curriculums are more than just an addition to national education frameworks; they are tailored educational programs that respond directly to the unique needs, values, and aspirations of specific communities. When schools take on the primary responsibility of developing these curriculums, they provide students with learning experiences that are not only relevant but also contribute to the stability, prosperity, and sustainability of their communities.  

It is obvious that local curriculums can help foster a sense of belonging among students. By focusing on local culture, traditions, and environmental issues, students gain an understanding of their roots, and this awareness is the bedrock of responsible citizenship. Educating students about their local surroundings encourages them to engage in sustainable practices and find solutions to the challenges that their communities face.  

Local Curriculums as a Foundation for Sustainable Development  

Sustainable development hinges on three pillars: economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity. Local curriculums can address all three aspects. For example, a local curriculum that emphasizes agriculture and sustainable farming practices can directly contribute to economic growth while promoting environmental stewardship.  

Likewise, lessons on local history, languages, and social structures can teach students the importance of inclusivity and diversity, contributing to social equity. When students learn about local issues and how they relate to broader global challenges, they become more informed and responsible citizens, ready to contribute to the sustainable development of their communities.  

Schools as Agents of Change  

Common sense tells us that schools play a crucial role in shaping the future. By implementing local curriculums, they become not just institutions of learning, but also catalysts for community development. Schools can partner with local governments, businesses, and non-profit organizations to ensure that the curriculum remains relevant and aligned with the community's sustainable development goals.  

In my experience, schools that embrace local curriculums see a higher level of student engagement and community involvement. Students take pride in learning about their heritage and are more inclined to apply their knowledge to real-world problems. This hands-on, localized approach to education helps in building a sense of ownership and responsibility among students towards their community and the environment.  

The Way Forward  

The journey toward sustainable development begins at the grassroots level. Schools must take the lead in developing local curriculums that cater to their communities' unique needs and aspirations. In doing so, they empower students with the knowledge, skills, and values needed to contribute to a more sustainable future.  

Local curriculums are an essential element in the pursuit of sustainable development. They not only provide students with relevant and meaningful education but also lay the foundation for building stable, prosperous, and sustainable communities. Schools, therefore, have a critical role to play as agents of change in promoting and achieving sustainable development through locally-focused education.  

By prioritizing local curriculums, we invest in our communities' long-term well-being, creating a ripple effect that can contribute to global sustainability.

About Janpha Thadphoothon

Janpha Thadphoothon is an assistant professor of ELT at the International College, Dhurakij Pundit University in Bangkok, Thailand. Janpha Thadphoothon also holds a certificate of Generative AI with Large Language Models issued by DeepLearning.AI.

Income Inequality and Social Justice in Thailand: Why the 10,000 Baht Stipend is Hardly the Solution

 

Income Inequality and Social Justice in Thailand: Why the 10,000 Baht Stipend is Hardly the Solution

By Janpha Thadphoothon

Hello. First and foremost, I want to let you, my readers, know that I am an English language teacher, not an economist or public administration expert. I am sharing my thoughts as a concerned citizen, and these are simply my two cents on the matter of public well-being.

The Thai government’s decision to hand out a 10,000 Baht stipend to some of its citizens as a way to boost the economy is, in my opinion, a short-term measure that falls short of addressing the root causes of our nation’s economic challenges. You would agree with me that while such policies might seem appealing at first glance, they are not sustainable solutions to the deeper issues that plague our economy.

Short-Term Relief, No Long-Term Impact

I think it's obvious that handing out cash provides immediate relief, but what happens after the money is spent? Common sense tells us that this kind of approach does little to address the underlying problems that have led to economic stagnation in the first place. The 10,000 Baht might get people to spend more temporarily, but once the spending spree is over, what then? You do not have to be an expert to know that real growth comes from long-term investments—creating jobs, supporting innovation, and improving infrastructure—not from short-term handouts.

Inflation and Rising Costs?

Another point to consider is inflation. If you pour money into the economy without increasing productivity, prices will go up. My opinion is that the 10,000 Baht stipend could end up doing more harm than good by contributing to rising prices. When people have more money to spend but the supply of goods and services doesn't increase, it’s only natural that prices will rise. In the end, what was meant to be a relief could actually reduce the purchasing power of the people it was intended to help.

Inefficient Use of Resources

You would agree with me that not everyone needs the 10,000 Baht. Some people may be financially stable, while others are struggling to make ends meet. A blanket distribution of cash doesn't address the varying needs of the population. Common sense tells us that it would be far better to direct resources toward those who really need help—low-income families, struggling small businesses, or sectors hit hardest by the pandemic. I understand that the government faces challenges in applying consistent criteria across the country. However, the goal needs to be clearer.

Encouraging Dependency

I think it's also worth mentioning that handing out money can create a culture of dependency. You do not have to be an expert to know that when people get used to receiving free money, it discourages long-term economic self-sufficiency. Instead of promoting consumption, wouldn’t it be wiser to invest in skills development, education, and entrepreneurship? These are areas where real opportunities for growth lie. In my opinion, a stipend is a short-term solution that doesn't empower people to improve their economic standing in the long run.

Missing the Opportunity for Long-Term Investment?

Now, let's talk about the opportunity cost. The money used for the stipend could be invested in things that really matter. You would agree with me that Thailand’s economy needs long-term investments in education, healthcare, infrastructure, and technology to remain competitive. My opinion is that if the government focused on these areas, the benefits would be far more sustainable than what we’re likely to see from a one-time cash handout. Common sense tells us that investing in people and infrastructure pays dividends in the long run, while a stipend offers a quick fix that won't last.

Risk of Public Debt

You do not have to be an expert to know that handing out large sums of money without proper planning increases public debt. The government will need to borrow money to fund this program, which could lead to fiscal problems down the road. In my opinion, it is dangerous to focus on short-term fixes at the expense of long-term financial health. Worsening public debt will limit our ability to invest in future projects that could have a lasting impact on our society.

Limited Economic Boost?

Finally, let’s be honest. The 10,000 Baht stipend will likely provide a marginal boost to the economy. Common sense tells us that after the initial spending surge, the economy could return to its previous state. You would agree with me that this is not the type of growth we need to lift the country out of its current predicament. Real change will come from structural reforms—improving the ease of doing business, fostering innovation, and ensuring that the benefits of economic growth are shared fairly across society.

Competence in Using Digital Money?

The Thai Government’s argument that the 10,000 Baht stipend will enhance digital wallet usage has some merit, as it provides a direct incentive for people to start using digital financial tools, potentially improving digital literacy and fostering long-term adoption. By integrating the stipend into digital wallets, individuals who are unfamiliar with these tools might become more comfortable with them, thus increasing financial inclusion. However, this approach may only offer short-term engagement, as it doesn't address deeper issues of digital literacy and access. Not everyone has the necessary devices or internet connectivity, and the program might not provide the ongoing support needed for effective use. For a more impactful strategy, it would be beneficial to combine the stipend with comprehensive digital literacy programs and infrastructure improvements to ensure sustainable adoption and meaningful engagement with digital financial tools.

In my opinion, the 10,000 Baht stipend is not the solution to Thailand’s economic woes. You would agree with me that real, sustainable growth requires long-term investments in people, infrastructure, and innovation—not short-term cash handouts. Common sense tells us that while the stipend may provide temporary relief, it fails to address the deeper structural issues holding our economy back. Thailand deserves better, and we can do better by focusing on solutions that will lead to lasting prosperity for all.

References:

Allan, J. (2024, August 12). Thailand rolls out 10,000 THB digital wallet initiative. Thailand Business News. Retrieved from https://www.thailand-business-news.com/banking/155659-thailand-rolls-out-10000-thb-digital-wallet-initiative

Bangkok Post. (2024, September 9). Thailand to begin distribution of handout scheme this month: First 145 billion baht of 'digital wallet' programme aimed at vulnerable groups. Bangkok Post. Retrieved from https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2862176/thailand-to-distribute-first-b145bn-of-handout-scheme-starting-this-month

Thai News ข่าวไทย. (2023, October 29). Government contemplates providing 10,000-Baht digital wallet stipend. Thailand Business News. Retrieved from https://www.thailand-business-news.com/economics/108664-government-contemplates-providing-10000-baht-digital-wallet-stipend

Benabdallah, J. (2024, April 11). Government launches 10,000-Baht stipend via digital wallet. Thailand Locality Guide. Retrieved from https://thailand.locality.guide/2024/04/11/government-launches-10000-baht-stipend-via-digital-wallet/

About Janpha Thadphoothon

Janpha Thadphoothon is an assistant professor of ELT at the International College, Dhurakij Pundit University in Bangkok, Thailand. Janpha Thadphoothon also holds a certificate of Generative AI with Large Language Models issued by DeepLearning.AI.

Analysis of Shopee and Lazada Applications Based on the 4 Ps (Marketing Mix)

 Analysis of Shopee and Lazada Applications Based on the 4 Ps (Marketing Mix)

By Janpha Thadphoothon

Let me start by saying that I’m not a marketing expert, business professional, or IT specialist. I’m an English teacher based in Bangkok, Thailand. Over the years, I’ve been teaching Business English and have noticed the growing presence of online shopping platforms like Lazada and Shopee. I feel it’s important to share what I’ve observed and what I believe could be useful for others.

E-commerce has grown tremendously in recent years, and Shopee and Lazada have emerged as two of the most dominant platforms, particularly in Southeast Asia. They are household names in Thailand, and their widespread success can be attributed, in part, to their ability to align with the classic 4 Ps of marketing—Product, Price, Place, and Promotion.

I understand that the 4 Ps are not new, and there are more recent concepts and models to analyze modern trade and e-commerce. As I mentioned, I’m an English teacher, and I’m more familiar with the traditional marketing model.

OpenAI. (2024). Illustration showing the analysis of Shopee and Lazada through the 4 Ps of marketing. DALL-E. https://chat.openai.com/

In this post, I’ll break down how these platforms thrive based on these core marketing principles, and why their business models resonate so strongly with consumers in Thailand and beyond.

What Are the 4 Ps of Marketing?

To start with the basics, the 4 Ps, often referred to as the marketing mix, provide a framework for marketing strategy that has been essential since its introduction in the 1950s. The four elements—Product, Price, Place, and Promotion—serve as levers businesses can pull to successfully market their goods and services. Over time, this framework has been expanded to include more Ps, such as People, Process, and Physical Evidence, but for now, let’s stick to the classic four and see how Shopee and Lazada stack up.

1. Product: What Do Shopee and Lazada Offer?

Shopee and Lazada offer similar product selections, excelling at meeting their users' needs with a wide range of goods, from electronics and fashion to groceries and home essentials. These platforms function as all-encompassing marketplaces, catering to almost every consumer need. This extensive variety is one of the key factors that sets them apart in the competitive e-commerce landscape.

Shopee’s Edge

Shopee has positioned itself as a mobile-first platform, focusing on ease of use, accessibility, and a fun, interactive shopping experience. With features such as in-app games, flash sales, and the incorporation of social features, Shopee enhances customer engagement. Shopee’s integration of live-streaming also allows sellers to demonstrate products in real-time, providing consumers with more information before making purchasing decisions.

Lazada’s Approach

Lazada, similarly, is known for its superior logistics and reliability. They have a more polished, professional image and focus on providing a seamless shopping experience with reliable delivery times and quality assurance. Lazada also provides a more established selection of international brands, appealing to customers who seek trusted names and higher-end products.

Both platforms have mastered the art of offering a product range that caters to their diverse customer base, and it’s this ability to meet varied consumer demands that makes their product offerings so successful.

2. Price: Competitive Pricing Strategies

When it comes to price, experts would agree that Shopee and Lazada have perfected the art of competitive pricing. Consumers flock to these platforms not only for convenience but also because they offer some of the lowest prices on the market. The ability to shop for cheaper products online is a key driver for e-commerce growth, especially in price-sensitive markets like Thailand.

Shopee’s Strategy  

Shopee tends to focus heavily on discounted products and competitive pricing. Their frequent flash sales, special deals, and in-app vouchers make shopping a game of finding the best deal. Many users feel they can get more bang for their buck on Shopee, particularly when they take advantage of seasonal sales or promotions.

Lazada’s Strategy

Lazada, while also offering competitive pricing, takes a slightly different approach. Their platform highlights premium brands and often offers exclusive deals from international partners. While Shopee may be more known for everyday low prices, Lazada builds on the appeal of quality assurance, brand trust, and exclusive deals.

Both platforms meet the "Price" P by ensuring that consumers feel they are getting value for money, whether through daily discounts or exclusive promotions.

3. Place: Ubiquity in the Digital Age

One of the most transformative elements of the e-commerce boom is how these platforms have revolutionized "Place." Traditionally, this P referred to the physical location where products were sold. In the digital era, it means making products available whenever and wherever consumers want them. Shopee and Lazada excel in this domain by being omnipresent, thanks to their mobile apps and websites.

Shopee’s Ubiquity

Shopee's mobile-first strategy allows it to be accessible at any time. With its user-friendly interface, consumers can browse, shop, and track orders with ease from their smartphones. In many ways, Shopee has made the act of shopping spontaneous, turning every idle moment into a potential purchase.

Lazada’s Reach

Lazada’s logistics infrastructure gives it an edge when it comes to reliable delivery and accessibility. Through its strong partnerships with delivery networks, Lazada ensures timely deliveries even to more remote areas. This reliability strengthens its position in consumers’ minds as a dependable platform, allowing them to confidently shop from virtually anywhere in Thailand.

In short, both platforms have embraced the concept of being "everywhere" for their customers, making shopping not just convenient but a part of daily life.

4. Promotion: The Power of Incentives

When discussing Shopee and Lazada, we cannot ignore the sheer volume of promotional activities they use to entice customers. Promotions play a central role in driving engagement, traffic, and ultimately sales. From limited-time offers to vouchers and loyalty programs, both platforms have created a shopping environment that feels constantly rewarding for the customer.

Shopee’s Promotional Tactics

Shopee is known for its aggressive promotions. The use of gamification in their app, such as daily login rewards and games, creates a sense of excitement around shopping. The app frequently offers vouchers, free shipping, and other incentives to keep users coming back.

Lazada’s Promotion Strategies

Lazada's promotions often revolve around partnerships with big brands and exclusive deals. Their campaigns, such as the popular "11.11" and "12.12" sales, are designed to build anticipation and excitement. Lazada also offers various cashback deals, brand-exclusive offers, and free shipping promos to sweeten the deal for customers.

In essence, promotions for both Shopee and Lazada have become the fuel for driving consumer engagement and increasing the frequency of purchases. Whether it's a flash sale, a major event like "11.11," or a daily reward, these platforms have ensured that promotions are integral to the shopping experience.

Impacts on Thailand's Local Businesses

The rise of e-commerce platforms like Shopee and Lazada has had a profound impact on Thailand’s local businesses. On one hand, these platforms have provided opportunities for small businesses to reach a wider audience and grow beyond their immediate geographic limitations. On the other hand, the increased competition from larger, well-established brands has created challenges for smaller, traditional businesses. 

Opportunities for Growth

For many Thai local businesses, Shopee and Lazada have become essential tools for expanding their reach. Previously, a local shop would have been limited to customers in its immediate area, but now, even the smallest vendors can sell products nationwide. The platforms offer relatively low entry barriers, allowing sellers to open online storefronts and market their products with minimal investment. This shift has enabled many Thai entrepreneurs, especially in rural areas, to tap into a broader market and generate more revenue.

Moreover, Shopee and Lazada have introduced programs and features to support local sellers, such as targeted promotions, seller tools, and insights into consumer behavior. These resources help local businesses optimize their strategies and increase sales, allowing them to compete in an increasingly digital economy.

Increased Competition

While e-commerce opens doors, it also intensifies competition. Small, local businesses now find themselves competing not only with each other but also with large multinational brands that can leverage economies of scale to offer lower prices and better promotions. This puts pressure on smaller businesses to differentiate themselves, either by offering unique products, superior customer service, or a strong local identity.

Furthermore, many traditional brick-and-mortar stores have struggled to adapt to the online shift. While some have successfully embraced digital platforms, others face difficulties in navigating the complexities of e-commerce, such as managing online marketing, logistics, and customer engagement.

Impact on Traditional Retail

The convenience and competitive pricing of Shopee and Lazada have also contributed to a shift away from traditional retail in Thailand. Consumers, especially younger generations, increasingly prefer the ease of online shopping, leading to a decline in foot traffic for physical stores. This has forced many retailers to rethink their business models, with some transitioning to hybrid models that combine both online and offline strategies.

In this regard, I would like to offer my personal opinion. Traffic jams in many parts of Thailand, especially in Bangkok, make it costly and time-consuming to travel to traditional shops or malls. As a result, people find it more convenient to simply click and pay online.

Support for Local Economies

Despite these challenges, Shopee and Lazada have also played a role in supporting local economies. Many small businesses have seen increased sales, and local artisans and niche markets have found new avenues to showcase their products to a global audience. Additionally, the growth of e-commerce has spurred the development of related sectors, such as logistics and digital marketing, creating new jobs and opportunities within Thailand.

Overall, Shopee and Lazada have brought both opportunities and challenges to Thailand's local businesses. While they provide a platform for growth and expansion, the intense competition from larger players poses a significant hurdle. For local businesses to thrive in this evolving landscape, adapting to the digital marketplace and finding ways to stand out will be key to long-term success.

Shopee and Lazada Through the Lens of the 4 Ps

By analyzing Shopee and Lazada through the framework of the 4 Ps, we can clearly see why these platforms have gained such a strong foothold in Thailand and globally. They have excelled at offering a diverse range of products, ensuring competitive prices, being available to customers anytime and anywhere, and consistently engaging consumers through effective promotions.

As online shopping continues to evolve, these platforms will likely remain dominant players, adapting their strategies to meet ever-changing consumer preferences. The 4 Ps, despite their age, remain a relevant tool for understanding modern e-commerce success, and Shopee and Lazada are perfect case studies of how these principles are applied in the digital world.

In my opinion, it is obvious that the Thai market, being the second largest in Southeast Asia, is attracting new platforms, both local and international. Common sense tells us that as this market continues to grow, there will be an increasing number of players looking to enter and compete.

To effectively meet these new challenges and capitalize on emerging opportunities, Thailand needs to focus on enhancing its capacity and productivity. This will not only help in accommodating the influx of new platforms but also in ensuring that the country remains competitive in a rapidly evolving market landscape.

About the Author

Janpha Thadphoothon is an assistant professor of English Language Teaching (ELT) at the International College, Dhurakij Pundit University in Bangkok, Thailand. He holds a certificate in Generative AI with Large Language Models issued by DeepLearning.AI. His research interests include the intersection of language, technology, and the philosophies underpinning social structures.

Understanding the Semantic Differential Scale

Understanding the Semantic Differential Scale

by Janpha Thadphoothon

This blog post aims to explain what a semantic differential scale is, how to use it, and its pros and cons.

Let's look at the basics. One may ask what semantic is. "Semantic" refers to the meaning of words and concepts, while a "scale" is a tool used to measure or quantify something. In the context of a semantic differential scale, it's a method that measures people's attitudes or perceptions by having them rate a concept, object, or experience along a continuum between two opposite adjectives (e.g., "happy" vs. "sad" or "useful" vs. "useless"). This scale helps capture the layers or nuances of how individuals feel or think about a particular subject.

It has been hypothesized that attitudes toward an object consist of three dimensions: behavioral, cognitive, and affective. However, some argue that it's more effective to focus solely on emotional responses, suggesting there is only one dimension with varying degrees.

In the fields of psychology, marketing, and social research, accurately measuring people's attitudes and perceptions is crucial. One effective tool for this purpose is a semantic differential scale. Developed by researchers Charles E. Osgood, George J. Suci, and Percy H. Tannenbaum in 1969, this scale offers an approach to understanding how individuals perceive various concepts, products, or experiences. For example, we can measure how a group of Thai citizens think about the new PM or Buddhism.

Charles E. Osgood was an American psychologist whose work primarily took place in the United States. He was known for his contributions to psycholinguistics and the study of meaning in language, but there are no widely recognized records of him conducting significant research in Thailand.



What is the Semantic Differential Scale?

Source: https://www.amazon.com/Measurement-Meaning-Charles-Osgood/dp/0252745396

The semantic differential scale is designed to measure the connotative meaning of objects, events, or concepts. Instead of asking participants to provide direct opinions, the scale presents them with a series of bipolar adjectives (e.g., strong-weak, good-bad) and asks them to indicate where their perception lies on a 7-point  or 9-point continuum between these opposing terms. This method captures the intensity and direction of their attitudes, providing a more detailed insight than simple binary choices.

For example, when evaluating a new smartphone, participants might rate it on scales such as:

- Innovative – Traditional

- User-friendly – Complicated

- Expensive – Affordable

- Interesting - Boring

- Good - Bad

- Useful - Useless

Example

Below is an example of a 7-point semantic differential scale to measure public attitudes towards democracy:

Attribute	Positive	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	Negative
Freedom	Free								Restrictive
Effectiveness	Effective								Ineffective
Fairness	Fair								Unfair
Transparency	Transparent								Opaque
Responsiveness	Responsive								Unresponsive
Stability	Stable								Unstable
Inclusiveness	Inclusive								Exclusive

In this scale, respondents would indicate their perception of democracy by marking a point between the positive and negative attributes, with 1 being closest to the positive adjective and 7 being closest to the negative one. The midpoint (4) represents a neutral or moderate attitude.

Each adjective pair represents a dimension along which the product can be evaluated, allowing researchers to quantify subjective perceptions effectively.

In fact, the semantic differential scale is flexible in its design and does not have to be limited to seven points. The scale can be adjusted to include five, seven, or even nine points, depending on the specific needs of the research. However, a 7-point scale is often considered optimal for attitudinal measurement. 

 Alternatives: 5-Point and 9-Point Scales

- 5-Point Scale: This is simpler and easier for respondents who may struggle with too many options. It’s often used in contexts where a quick, straightforward assessment is needed, but it may sacrifice some of the granularity provided by a 7-point scale.

- 9-Point Scale: On the other hand, a 9-point scale offers even more precision, capturing very fine distinctions in attitudes. However, it can sometimes lead to decision fatigue, where respondents find it challenging to differentiate between so many options, potentially reducing the reliability of their responses.

While the number of points on a semantic differential scale can vary, the 7-point scale is often preferred for its balance of detail, ease of use, and ability to generate reliable data. This flexibility allows researchers to tailor the scale to their specific needs, ensuring that the attitudes being measured are captured accurately and meaningfully.

Applications of the Semantic Differential Scale

The versatility of the semantic differential scale makes it applicable across various domains. Here are some notable applications:

1. Political Attitudes:

 Researchers can use this scale to gauge public attitudes toward political figures such as a Prime Minister or President. By assessing traits like trustworthy – untrustworthy or competent – incompetent, insights into public sentiment and approval ratings can be obtained.

2. Public Perception of Democracy:

 The scale can measure reactions to broader political systems. For instance, democracy can be evaluated on dimensions like free – restrictive or effective – ineffective, helping to understand the populace's views on their governance system.

3. Product and Brand Evaluation:

Marketers utilize the semantic differential scale to assess consumer perceptions of products or brands. Attributes such as innovative – outdated or high quality – low quality can inform branding strategies and product development.

4. Educational Research:

  Educators might employ the scale to evaluate teaching methods or educational programs, measuring aspects like engaging – boring or challenging – easy to improve educational outcomes.

Advantages of the 7-Point Scale

- Granularity: The 7-point scale allows for more nuanced responses compared to shorter scales, capturing subtle differences in perception.

- Quantifiable Data: Transforming subjective opinions into numerical data facilitates statistical analysis and comparison.

- Flexibility The scale can be tailored to various contexts by selecting appropriate adjective pairs relevant to the subject of study.

 Considerations and Limitations

While the semantic differential scale is powerful, it is essential to consider potential limitations:

- Cultural Bias: The interpretation of adjectives can vary across different cultures, potentially affecting the reliability of the results.

- Response Bias: Participants might avoid extreme ends of the scale, leading to central tendency bias and skewed data.

- Complexity of Attitudes: Human attitudes can be multifaceted, and reducing them to bipolar adjectives may oversimplify complex perceptions.

The semantic differential scale remains a valuable tool for researchers seeking to quantify and analyze human attitudes and perceptions. Its ability to provide detailed insights into how individuals perceive various concepts makes it indispensable in fields ranging from political science to marketing and education. By carefully selecting appropriate adjective pairs and considering potential biases, the semantic differential scale can effectively capture the nuanced dimensions of human sentiment.

About the Author

Janpha Thadphoothon is an assistant professor of English Language Teaching (ELT) at the International College, Dhurakij Pundit University in Bangkok, Thailand. He holds a certificate in Generative AI with Large Language Models issued by DeepLearning.AI. His research interests include the intersection of language, technology, and the philosophies underpinning social structures.

Strategies and Foreign Language Learning

Strategies and Foreign Language Learning

By Janpha Thadphoothon

In recent years, a growing body of research has emphasized the significance of strategic approaches to language learning, particularly in the realm of vocabulary acquisition. Notably, studies by Parera (2022) and Schmitt (1997) have demonstrated that the methods learners employ can significantly influence their success. Vocabulary learning strategies (VLS) play a crucial role in both the depth and breadth of a learner's vocabulary knowledge. My current study aims to contribute further insights by exploring the strategies used by proficient EFL learners within diverse learning paradigms.

Direct and Indirect Strategies

Language learning strategies (LLS) are a subset of general learning strategies. According to Oxford (1990), LLS encompass the conscious steps or behaviors that facilitate learners in acquiring, storing, retaining, recalling, and using language information. Building on this foundation, Parera (2022) proposed a model that categorizes six specific strategies into two broad classes: direct strategies, which are directly involved in the language learning process, and indirect strategies, which, although not directly related to language learning, provide critical support.

Oxford's classification (illustrated in Table 1) led to the development of the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) in 1990, a tool that has been widely used in subsequent research. Recognizing the importance of selecting appropriate VLS, many scholars have focused on understanding the strategies chosen by proficient language learners, with the aim of offering guidance and references for others. For instance, Cummins (2019) conducted a survey of successful language learners in Saudi Arabia, providing valuable insights into effective VLS choices.

This blog post will delve deeper into these strategies, offering practical advice for learners looking to enhance their vocabulary acquisition and overall language proficiency.

The Ultimate Sense of Belonging

The Ultimate Sense of Belonging

by Janpha Thadphoothon

As I reflect on a moment from the past, I find myself transported back to a time when I enjoyed sipping a long black coffee at a table overlooking the Harbour Bridge in Sydney. It was a late Sunday morning, and I was sitting at a café on the way to the Sydney Opera House.

What was I doing back then in 2003? My mind was preoccupied with finishing my thesis at the University of Canberra in the ACT. My friend Kim suggested I take a short break to relax, so I decided to catch a coach from Canberra to Sydney.

I spent the night at Central Station YHA, a place I frequently stayed whenever I visited Sydney. Why? Because it didn’t cost a fortune—just 25 Australian dollars for an overnight stay. The hostel became a familiar refuge during my trips to the city.

Now, let me tell you more about that coffee and the reflections that came to me as I sat at that café, overlooking the harbour and the iconic bridge. The Opera House, a perfect spot for photography, also served as a place for me to ponder the meaning of life and our place on this shared planet, Earth.

Carl Sagan once urged us to think about our place in the universe. He reminded us that we are all inhabitants of a fragile "pale blue dot." Despite advancements, conflicts, wars, and suffering, that's all we have—and all we’ve ever had.

I often spent entire afternoons at bookstores—places filled with shelves of books that I could browse and read for hours without charge. As a student, I had to be mindful of my budget, so I would usually only buy one book, relying on the library for the rest.

At the coffee table, I would dive into these books, taking notes as I read. I wasn’t alone in this practice; I noticed many others around me doing the same. Some were musicians, others philosophy students, all lost in their worlds of learning and reflection.

The ultimate sense of belonging, I realized after sipping my last drop of coffee on that spring morning in Sydney, is the understanding that we are all the same when viewed through the lens of time and cosmic reality.

The idea of "all for one and one for all" resonates deeply with this realization. In our shared journey through life, this principle reflects the interconnectedness of our experiences, emphasizing the importance of unity and collective responsibility. Perhaps, in the end, we can rediscover the essence of our home—this fragile planet—with a renewed sense of wonder and a more mature appreciation.

English marine biologist N.J. Berrill (April 28, 1903–October 16, 1996) poignantly observed, "When properly assembled, we are nothing more than a rather weak watery solution of salts and carbon compounds, held together in a semi-solid state. You and I, along with everything we consume and the myriad bacteria, fungi, and viruses that thrive within us, are an intricate blend of the wind, water, and dust that make up the Earth's surface. The true wonder lies in the fact that this humble collection of elements has the capacity to walk, to talk, and to experience profound emotions like joy and sorrow."

Berrill's reflection invites us to marvel at the simplicity and complexity of life. We are, at our core, composed of the same basic materials that form the world around us. Yet, within this common matter, there exists a spark that enables us to think, feel, and create. It is this very paradox—our elemental simplicity alongside our extraordinary capabilities—that underscores the miracle of life. In recognizing this, we might come to a deeper appreciation of both our own existence and the world we inhabit, realizing that the ordinary substances of life are the foundation for the extraordinary experiences that define our humanity.

One may ask how we make sense of the world. We make sense of the world by comparing, contrasting, and contesting our perceptions, beliefs, and knowledge with others and the natural world we observe. As Professor Lian once said, this process is fundamental to our understanding. His words have lingered in my mind for years, and even now, in 2024, they continue to resonate with me.

By engaging in this ongoing dialogue with the world and with each other, we sharpen our insights and deepen our connections. It is through these interactions—sometimes harmonious, sometimes contentious—that we refine our understanding of our place in the universe. In doing so, we may come to appreciate the intricate tapestry of life on Earth with greater clarity, realizing that our differences are not just challenges to overcome but opportunities to grow.

Ultimately, this process of reflection and engagement may lead us to a profound recognition: that despite our individual paths, we are all part of a larger whole. In this realization lies the true sense of belonging—not just to a place or a group, but to the shared human experience and the delicate balance of life on Earth.

That’s what can happen to you when you have a black coffee in Sydney, watching people at the café and gazing at the Harbour Bridge.

About the author

Janpha Thadphoothon is an assistant professor of English Language Teaching (ELT) at the International College, Dhurakij Pundit University in Bangkok, Thailand. He holds a certificate in Generative AI with Large Language Models issued by DeepLearning.AI. His research interests include the intersection of language, technology, and the philosophies underpinning social structures.