SLA Theories App

SLA Theories

Welcome to the SLA Theories Lesson!

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Introduction to SLA

**Second Language Acquisition (SLA)** is the process by which people learn a language other than their native language. There are many theories that attempt to explain how this complex process happens. Let's explore some of the most important ones.

1. Semantic Theory

This theory suggests that humans acquire languages by acquiring ways to make meaning. **Semantics** is the study of meaning. This includes:

• **Lexical Meaning:** The meaning of words (e.g., a "tiger" is a mammal).
• **Grammatical Meaning:** The meaning conveyed by grammar (e.g., "tigers" vs. "a tiger").
• **Pragmatic Meaning:** Meaning in context (e.g., "I'm in the bathroom." can mean "Don't come in.").

2. Sociocultural Theory

Proposed by Lev Vygotsky, this theory emphasizes that social interaction is crucial for learning. It introduces the concept of the **Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)**, which is the difference between what a learner can do on their own and what they can achieve with help from a more knowledgeable person.

3. Universal Grammar (UG)

Developed by Noam Chomsky, UG posits that humans have an **innate ability to learn languages**. It suggests that all languages share a common underlying structure, and this innate knowledge guides language acquisition. This is also referred to as the **Language Acquisition Device (LAD)**.

4. Input Hypothesis

Proposed by Stephen Krashen, this theory suggests that the most effective way to learn a language is through **comprehensible input**. This means learners should be exposed to language that is slightly above their current level **(i+1)** but is still understandable.

5. Critical Period Hypothesis

This hypothesis suggests that there is a **critical biological window of time** for language acquisition. It proposes that if a person is not exposed to language before a certain age (often considered to be around puberty), they will find it much more difficult, or even impossible, to acquire a native-like fluency.

6. Interaction Hypothesis

Michael Long's theory highlights the role of **meaningful communication and negotiation of meaning** in language learning. It suggests that interacting with others provides not only comprehensible input but also opportunities for output and corrective feedback.

7. Output Hypothesis

Merrill Swain's theory emphasizes the importance of language production (**speaking and writing**). It suggests that by trying to produce language, learners can notice gaps in their knowledge, test their hypotheses, and receive feedback, which helps them acquire the language.

8. Noticing Hypothesis

Developed by Richard Schmidt, this hypothesis states that **input does not become "intake" unless it is noticed**. Learners must consciously pay attention to specific aspects of the language to learn them. Noticing is the essential first step for language acquisition.

Quiz Time!

Test your knowledge of SLA theories.

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