มารู้จักภาษาเขมรกันเถอะ (តោះមកស្គាល់ភាសាខ្មែរ)

 มารู้จักภาษาเขมรกันเถอะ (Let's Get to Know the Khmer Language)

Janpha Thadphoothon

ខ្ញុំ​នៅ​កម្ពុជា​ឆ្នាំ​២០២៣

เมื่อวันก่อนผมไปซื้อกาแฟดำที่มหาวิทยาลัยแห่งหนึ่ง มีพนักงานในมหาวิทยาลัย คุยกับผมว่า เขามาจากจังหวัดสุรินทร์ ซึ่งอยู่ติดชายแดนกับประเทศกัมพูชา ไม่ได้ถามชื่อแต่เขาบอกผมว่าเขาสามารถสื่อสารด้วยภาษาเขมรได้ ผมจึงได้มีโอกาสแลกเปลี่ยนภาษา พูดคุยคุยกับพนักงานท่านนั้น 

การพูดคุยเป็นไปด้วยไมรตรีจิต ผมได้เรียนรู้คำศัพท์ 2-3 คำ เช่น คำว่า น้า คือ ទឹក។ หรือ ตึ๊ก 
น้ำแข็ง คือ ตึ๊กเกราะ หรือ ទឹកកក และได้เรียนรู้ว่า การพูดเขมรได้ ไม่ได้หมายความว่าจะอ่านและเขียนได้เสมอไป 

พนักงานท่านนั้น หน้าตามีความสุขและเป็นมิตร ยิ้มแย้มแจ่มใส บอกว่า เขาสูบบุหรี่เป็นบางครั้ง
I sometimes smoke cigarettes. ពេលខ្លះខ្ញុំជក់បារី។

หลักจากนั้น ผมมานั่งคิดๆ ดู ไทยกับกัมพูชาเป็นเพื่อนบ้านกัน เราจึงควรเรียนรู้การสื่อสารซึ่งกันและกัน คนกัมพูชาที่พูดไทยได้มีมากมาย และคนไทยที่รู้ภาษาเขมรก็มีอยู่มากพอสมควร การเรียนรู้ภาษาไม่ใช่เรื่องเสียเวลา แต่เป็นการสร้างความสัมพันธ์ที่ดีและทำให้เรามีเพื่อนมากขึ้น

ខ្ញុំ​មក​គិត​រឿង​ហ្នឹង ថៃ និង​កម្ពុជា​ជា​ប្រទេស​ជិត​ខាង។ ដូច្នេះ យើង​គួរ​រៀន​ប្រាស្រ័យ​ទាក់ទង​គ្នា​ទៅ​វិញ​ទៅ​មក។ មាន​ប្រជាជន​កម្ពុជា​ជាច្រើន​ដែល​អាច​និយាយ​ភាសា​ថៃ​បាន។ ហើយ​មាន​ជនជាតិ​ថៃ​ច្រើន​ណាស់​ដែល​ស្គាល់​ខ្មែរ។ ការរៀនភាសាមិនមែនជាការខ្ជះខ្ជាយពេលវេលាទេ។ ប៉ុន្តែ​វា​បង្កើត​ទំនាក់ទំនង​ល្អ​និង​ធ្វើ​ឱ្យ​យើង​មាន​មិត្ត​ច្រើន​។

"I've been thinking about it. Thailand and Cambodia are neighboring countries. Therefore, we should learn to communicate with each other. There are many Cambodians who can speak Thai, and there are also many Thais who know Khmer. Learning a language is not a waste of time, but it creates good relationships and makes us have more friends."

มารู้จักภาษาเขมรกันเถอะ (Let's Get to Know the Khmer Language)

We Thais should learn Khmer - the language of one of our neighbors.
យើងជនជាតិថៃគួរតែរៀនភាសាខ្មែរ ដែលជាភាសារបស់អ្នកជិតខាងយើង។

ชาวไทยควรเรียนรู้ภาษาเขมร ซึ่งเป็นภาษาของเพื่อนบ้านของเรา

เราควรเริ่มต้นด้วยระบบพยัญชนะและสระของภาษาเขมร

ពួកយើងគួរចាប់ផ្តើមជាមួយអក្សរ និងស្រៈនៃភាសាខ្មែរ

ซึ่งเหมาะสำหรับผู้อ่านคนไทยที่ต้องการศึกษาภาษาเพื่อนบ้าน อย่างภาษาเขมร

យើងនាំគ្នាសាកល្បងមើលរៀងៗរាល់ទំរង់អក្សរនិងការបញ្ចេញសូរសម្លេង

เรามาเข้าไปพูดถึงรายละเอียดกันเลยนะครับ! តោះចាប់ផ្តើមមើលត្រង់នេះ

ระบบพยัญชนะและสระในภาษาเขมร

ខ្មែរប្រើព្យញ្ជនៈដែលមានព្យញ្ជនៈ ៣៣ ស្រៈ ២៣ និងស្រៈឯករាជ្យ ១២ ។ តាមទស្សនៈ អក្ខរក្រមខ្មែរគឺស្រដៀងនឹងភាសាថៃ និងឡាវ ហើយពាក្យជាច្រើននៅក្នុងភាសាទាំងបីនេះ តាមដានប្រភពដើមរបស់វាទៅជាឫសបាលីទូទៅ ឬសំស្រ្កឹត។

ภาษาเขมรใช้สัทอักษรที่มีพยัญชนะ 33 ตัว สระ 23 ตัว และสระอิสระ 12 ตัว หากมองจากภายนอก ตัวอักษรเขมรจะคล้ายกับภาษาไทยและภาษาลาว และคำหลายคำในสามภาษานี้มีต้นกำเนิดมาจากรากศัพท์ภาษาบาลีหรือสันสกฤตทั่วไป

อักษรเขมรประกอบด้วยพยัญชนะ ดังต่อไปนี้

ระบบพยัญชนะ (Consonants)

Group name Grouped consonants

Unaspirated (ទីស្ថាន) Aspirated (និមិត្ត) Voiced (សូរសព្ទ) Nasal (នាសាល់)

Velars

ក ក k /k/ ខ hk /kʰ/ គ g /ɡ/ ឃ gh /ɡ/ ង ng /ŋ/

ក្អ [kaʔ] ខុះ [kʰoh] កគរ [kok] ឃីះ [kʰih] ងរ [ngor]

Palatals

ច ច c /s/ ឆ hc /sʰ/ ជ j /z/ ឈ jh /z/ ញ ny /ɲ/

ចៅ [caw] ឆាត់ [chaʔ] ជាតិ [cheat] ឈឺ [cheu] ញង [nyong]

Alveolars

ដ ដ t /t/ ឋ ht /tʰ/ ឌ d /d/ ឍ dh /d/ ណ n /n/

ដូរ [dour] ឋិត [thit] ឌេរ [der] ឍេរ [ther] ណា [na]

Dentals

ត ត t /t/ ថ ht /tʰ/ ទ d /d/ ធ dh /d/ ន n /n/

តុ [toh] ថត [that] ទឹក [teuk] ធំ [thom] និយាយ [niyeay]

Labials

ប ប p /p/ ផ hp /pʰ/ ព b /b/ ភ bh /b/ ម m /m/

បារ [bar] ផ្ទះ [phtes] ពត់ [pot] ភុំ [phum] មួរ [mou]

Miscellaneous consonants

Without group

យ y /j/ រ r /j/ ល l /l/ វ w /w/ ស s /θ/

យូរ [yo] រៀន [rean] លី [lee] វា [wea] សឺរ [soe]

ហ h /h/ ឡ l /l/ អ a /ʔ/

Independent vowels

អ i. /ʔi/ អ i /ʔi/ ឥ u. /ʔu/ ឦ u /ʔu/

អ e /ʔe/ ឥ au: /ʔɔ/ ឦ au /ʔɔ/

ที่มา: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_alphabet

Consonant	Subscript form	Name/Full value (with inherent vowel)				Consonant value
		UNGEGN	GD	ALA-LC	IPA	UNGEGN	GD	ALA-LC	IPA
ក	្ក	kâ	ka	ka	[kɑː]	k	k	k	[k]
ខ	្ខ	khâ	kha	kha	[kʰɑː]	kh	kh	kh	[kʰ]
គ	្គ	kô	ko	ga	[kɔː]	k	k	g	[k]
ឃ	្ឃ	khô	kho	gha	[kʰɔː]	kh	kh	gh	[kʰ]
ង	្ង	ngô	ngo	nga	[ŋɔː]	ng	ng	ng	[ŋ]
ច	្ច	châ	cha	ca	[cɑː]	ch	ch	c	[c]
ឆ	្ឆ	chhâ	chha	cha	[cʰɑː]	chh	chh	ch	[cʰ]
ជ	្ជ	chô	cho	ja	[cɔː]	ch	ch	j	[c]
ឈ	្ឈ	chhô	chho	jha	[cʰɔː]	chh	chh	jh	[cʰ]
ញ	្ញ	nhô	nho	ña	[ɲɔː]	nh	nh	ñ	[ɲ]
ដ	្ដ	dâ	da	ṭa	[ɗɑː]	d	d	ṭ	[ɗ]
ឋ	្ឋ	thâ	tha	ṭha	[tʰɑː]	th	th	ṭh	[tʰ]
ឌ	្ឌ	dô	do	ḍa	[ɗɔː]	d	d	ḍ	[ɗ]
ឍ	្ឍ	thô	tho	ḍha	[tʰɔː]	th	th	ḍh	[tʰ]
ណ	្ណ	nâ	na	ṇa	[nɑː]	n	n	ṇ	[n]
ត	្ត	tâ	ta	ta	[tɑː]	t	t	t	[t]
ថ	្ថ	thâ	tha	tha	[tʰɑː]	th	th	th	[tʰ]
ទ	្ទ	tô	to	da	[tɔː]	t	t	d	[t]
ធ	្ធ	thô	tho	dha	[tʰɔː]	th	th	dh	[tʰ]
ន	្ន	nô	no	na	[nɔː]	n	n	n	[n]
ប	្ប	bâ	ba	pa	[ɓɑː]	b, p	b, p	p	[ɓ], [p]
ផ	្ផ	phâ	pha	pha	[pʰɑː]	ph	ph	ph	[pʰ]
ព	្ព	pô	po	ba	[pɔː]	p	p	b	[p]
ភ	្ភ	phô	pho	bha	[pʰɔː]	ph	ph	bh	[pʰ]
ម	្ម	mô	mo	ma	[mɔː]	m	m	m	[m]
យ	្យ	yô	yo	ya	[jɔː]	y	y	y	[j]
រ	្រ	rô	ro	ra	[rɔː]	r	r	r	[r]
ល	្ល	lô	lo	la	[lɔː]	l	l	l	[l]
វ	្វ	vô	vo	va	[ʋɔː]	v	v	v	[ʋ]
ឝ	្ឝ	Obsolete; historically used for palatal s Used only for Pali/Sanskrit transliteration[12]
ឞ	្ឞ	Obsolete; historically used for retroflex s Used only for Pali/Sanskrit transliteration
ស	្ស	sâ	sa	sa	[sɑː]	s	s	s	[s]
ហ	្ហ	hâ	ha	ha	[hɑː]	h	h	h	[h]
ឡ	none	lâ	la	ḷa	[lɑː]	l	l	ḷ	[l]
អ	្អ	'â	'a	ʿʹa	[ʔɑː]	'	'	ʿʹ	[ʔ]

The letter ប bâ appears in somewhat modified form (e.g. បា) when combined with certain dependent vowels (see Ligatures).

The letter ញ nhô is written without the lower curve when a subscript is added. When it is subscripted to itself, the subscript is a smaller form of the entire letter: ញ្ញ -nhnh-.

Note that ដ dâ and ត tâ have the same subscript form. In initial clusters this subscript is always pronounced [ɗ], but in medial positions it is [ɗ] in some words and [t] in others.

The series ដ dâ, ឋ thâ, ឌ dô, ឍ thô, ណ nâ originally represented retroflex consonants in the Indic parent scripts. The second, third and fourth of these are rare, and occur only for etymological reasons in a few Pali and Sanskrit loanwords. Because the sound /n/ is common, and often grammatically productive, in Mon-Khmer languages, the fifth of this group, ណ, was adapted as an a-series counterpart of ន nô for convenience (all other nasal consonants are o-series).

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_script

ระบบสระ (Vowels)

contrastive.

Dependent vowel	Example	IPA		GD		UNGEGN		Notes
		a-series	o-series	a-series	o-series	a-series	o-series
(none)	អ	[ɑː], [ɒː] in some dialects	[ɔː]	a	o	â	ô	See Modification by diacritics and Consonants with no dependent vowel.
ា	អា	[aː]	[iːə]	a	ea	a	éa	See Modification by diacritics. អ៊ា, the o-series of ា, is slightly distinct from ៀ. (អ៊ា ~ "air" vs ៀ ~ "ear")
ិ	អិ	[ə], [e]	[ɨ], [i]	e	i	ĕ	ĭ	Pronounced [e]/[i] in syllables with no written final consonant (a glottal stop is then added if the syllable is stressed; however in some words the vowel is silent when final, and in some words in which it is not word-final it is pronounced [əj]). In the o-series, combines with final យ yô to sound [iː]. (See also Modification by diacritics.)
ី	អី	[əj]	[iː]	ei	i	ei	i
ឹ	អឹ	[ə]	[ɨ]	oe	ue	œ̆
ឺ	អឺ	[əɨ]	[ɨː]	eu	ueu	œ
ុ	អុ	[o]	[u]	o	u	ŏ	ŭ	See Modification by diacritics. In a stressed syllable with no written final consonant, the vowel is followed by a glottal stop [ʔ], or by [k] in the word តុ tŏk ("table") (but the vowel is silent when final in certain words).
ូ	អូ	[ou]	[uː]	ou	u	o	u	Becomes [əw]/[ɨw] before a final វ vô.
ួ	អួ	[uə]		uo		uŏ
ើ	អើ	[aə]	[əː]	aeu	eu	aeu	eu	See Modification by diacritics.
ឿ	អឿ	[ɨə]		oea		œă
ៀ	អៀ	[iə]		ie		iĕ
េ	អេ	[ei]	[eː]	e		é		Becomes [ə]/[ɨ] before palatals (or in the a-series, [a] before [c] in some words). Pronounced [ae]/[ɛː] in some words. See also Modification by diacritics.
ែ	អែ	[ae]	[ɛː]	ae	eae	ê		See Modification by diacritics.
ៃ	អៃ	[aj]	[ɨj]	ai	ey	ai	ey
ោ	អោ	[ao]	[oː]	ao	ou	aô	oŭ	See Modification by diacritics.
ៅ	អៅ	[aw]	[ɨw]	au	ov	au	ŏu

The spoken name of each dependent vowel consists of the word ស្រៈ srăk [sraʔ]("vowel") followed by the vowel's a-series value preceded by a glottal stop (and also followed by a glottal stop in the case of short vowels).

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_script

สระอะ เช่น អម៉ែ (อะเม)  แม่

พ่อ อะเพ អផេ

สระอา เช่น អ៉ាន (อ่าน) อ่าน

ประโยคพื้นฐาน (Basic Sentences) ប្រយោគមូលដ្ឋាន

Greetings สวัสดี – ជំរាបសួរ 

Hello – ជំរាបសួរ  Soursdey 

Goodbye - លាហើយ

Nice to meet you – រីករាយណាស់ដែលបានជួបអ្នក

Welcome - សូមស្វាគមន៍

Welcome to Cambodia = សូមស្វាគមន៍មកកាន់កម្ពុជា

Conversationការសន្ទនា

How are you? - អ្នកសុខសប្បាយទេ?

What is your name? - តើអ្នកឈ្មោះអ្វី?

My name is.X.. - ខ្ញុំឈ្មោះ X.

Where are you from? តើអ្នកមកពីណា? อ่าน เตอเนี๊ยกโมปีนา

Do you speak English? - តើអ្នកនិយាយភាសាអង់គ្លេសបានទេ?

How do you say (..X.) in Khmer? ក្នុងភាសាខ្មែរបញ្ចេញថា (..X.) ដូចម្តេច?

I don’t understand - ខ្ញុំមិនយល់ទេ។

A: តើអ្នកឈ្មោះអ្វី? What's your name?

B: ខ្ញុំឈ្មោះ A. I'm A.

A: តើអ្នកមកពីភ្នំពេញឬ? 

A: Are you from Phnom Penh?

B: No, I'm from Siem Reap.

B: ទេ ខ្ញុំមកពីសៀមរាប។

 Basic Phrases អត្ថបទមូលដ្ឋាន

Yes - បាទ។

No - ទេ

Please come សូមមក។

Thank you – អរគុណ។

Excuse me – សូមទោស។ សូមបញ្ចេញ។

Cheers: ជយោ!

What time is it? ម៉ោងប៉ុន្មានហើយ?

Help - ជួយខ្ញុំ

Shopping (ទិញ)

ซื้อ 1 แถม 1 = ទិញ ១ ថែម ១

Restaurant - ផ្ទះបាយ

Do you have...? – អ្នកមាន...?
ខ្ញុំ​គ្មាន​លុយ​ទេ។ ฉันไม่มีเงิน

I come from Thailand. ខ្ញុំមកពីប្រទេសថៃ។ ขยมโมปีปะเทดไทย

How much? – តម្លៃប៉ុន្មាន? 

Not too spicy – មិនហឹរច្រើន

Bill, please – សូមលុប់ចេញ 

Very expensive - ថ្លៃណាស់។

 Transportation (ដឹកជញ្ជូន)

Submarine កាំបាល្រាន

Taxi - តាក់ស៊ី

Car រថយន្ត

Bus រថយន្តក្រុង

เครื่องบิน អាកាសយាន

Bicycle ស្គី

Turn Left - បត់ឆ្វេង។

Right - បត់ស្ដាំ។

Straight - ត្រង់

Stop here - ឈប់នៅទីនេះ។

Stay here- ស្នាក់នៅទីនេះ។

 Places ទីតាំង

Airport - ព្រលានយន្តហោះ

Bus Station - ស្ថានីយរថយន្តក្រុង

Railway Station - ស្ថានីយរថភ្លើង

Hotel - សណ្ឋាគារ

Guest house - ផ្ទះសំណាក់

Post Office - ប៉ុស្ត៍

Market - ផ្សារ

Hospital - មន្ទីរពេទ្យ

Clinic - គ្លីនិក

Police Station - ស្ថានីយប៉ូលីស

Embassy - ស្ថានទូត

My house - ផ្ទះរបស់ខ្ញុំ

Numbers

មួយ 1

ពីរ 2

បី 3

បួន 4

ប្រាំ 5 

ប្រាំមួយ 6

ប្រាំពីរ 7 

ប្រាំបី 8

ប្រាំបួន 9

ដប់ 10

មួយរយ 100

មួយពាន់ 1000

 Emergencies (ការសង្គ្រោះបន្ទាន់)

Call 911? - ហៅ ១១១?

Help - ជួយ

Call the police! -

 ហៅប៉ូលីស

I'm sick - ខ្ញុំជម្ងឺ / ខ្ញុំមិនស្រួលខ្លួនទេ។

Hospital - មន្ទីរពេទ្យ

Doctor – ពេទ្យ  /  

Look out! - ប្រយ័ត្ន

Thief! - ចោរ 

Fire! - ភ្លើង / Firefighters = អ្នកពន្លត់អគ្គីភ័យ

Run! - រត់ Run quickly = រត់យ៉ាងលឿន

ឆ្មានិងឆ្កែ

The cat and the dog

A or B

because I love you

I love you but I am poor

ក ឬ ខ

ព្រោះ​ខ្ញុំ​ស្រលាញ់​អ្នក

ខ្ញុំស្រលាញ់អ្នកតែខ្ញុំក្រ

เมืองและจังหวัดของประเทศกัมพูชา

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Cambodia#/media/File:Provincial_Boundaries_in_Cambodia.svg

Name	Khmer	Capital (seat)	Population (2019)	Area (km2)	Density	ISO
Banteay Meanchey	បន្ទាយមានជ័យ	Serei Saophoan Municipality	861,883	6,679	129	KH-1
Battambang	បាត់ដំបង	Battambang Municipality	997,169	11,702	84	KH-2
Kampong Cham	កំពង់ចាម	Kampong Cham Municipality	899,791	4,549	197	KH-3
Kampong Chhnang	កំពង់ឆ្នាំង	Kampong Chhnang Municipality	527,027	5,521	95	KH-4
Kampong Speu	កំពង់ស្ពឺ	Chbar Mon Municipality	877,523	7,017	124	KH-5
Kampong Thom	កំពង់ធំ	Steung Saen Municipality	681,549	13,814	49	KH-6
Kampot	កំពត	Kampot Municipality	593,829	4,873	122	KH-7
Kandal	កណ្តាល	Ta Khmau Municipality	1,201,581	3,179	376	KH-8
Kep	កែប	Kep Municipality	42,665	336	124	KH-23
Koh Kong	កោះកុង	Khemarak Phoumin Municipality	125,902	10,090	12	KH-9
Kratié	ក្រចេះ	Kratié Municipality	374,755	11,094	34	KH-10
Mondulkiri	មណ្ឌលគិរី	Senmonorom Municipality	92,213	14,288	6	KH-11
Oddar Meanchey	ឧត្តរមានជ័យ	Samraong Municipality	276,038	6,158	42	KH-22
Pailin	ប៉ៃលិន	Pailin Municipality	75,112	803	89	KH-24
Phnom Penh	ភ្នំពេញ	Doun Penh Section	2,281,951	679	3,136	KH-12
Preah Sihanouk	ព្រះសីហនុ	Sihanoukville Municipality	310,072	1,938	156	KH-18
Preah Vihear	ព្រះវិហារ	Tbaeng Meanchey Municipality	254,827	13,788	18	KH-13
Prey Veng	ព្រៃវែង	Prey Veng Municipality	1,057,720	4,883	217	KH-14
Pursat	ពោធិ៍សាត់	Pursat Municipality	419,752	12,692	32	KH-15
Ratanakiri	រតនគិរី	Banlung Municipality	217,453	10,782	19	KH-16
Siem Reap	សៀមរាប	Siem Reap Municipality	1,014,234	10,299	98	KH-17
Stung Treng	ស្ទឹងត្រែង	Stung Treng Municipality	165,713	11,092	14	KH-19
Svay Rieng	ស្វាយរៀង	Svay Rieng Municipality	525,497	2,966	177	KH-20
Takéo	តាកែវ	Doun Kaev Municipality	900,914	3,563	252	KH-21
Tboung Khmum	ត្បូងឃ្មុំ	Suong Municipality	776,841	5,250

แหล่งที่มา: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Cambodia